ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Faculty of Social Sciences

(Department of Pakistan Studies)

Course: Political and Constitutional Development in Pakistan-II (4668/9365)

Level: M Sc/BS Pakistan Studies Semester: Spring, 2025

Please read the following instructions for writing your assignments. (AD, BS, BEd, MA/MSc, MEd) (ODL Mode).

1. All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a question the marks are distributed according to its requirements.

2. Read the question carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the questions.

3. Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide or allied material.

4. Handwritten scanned assignments are not acceptable.

5. Upload your typed (in Word or PDF format) assignments on or before the due date.

6. Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated.

7. Late assignments can’t be uploaded at LMS.

8. The students who attempt their assignments in Urdu/Arabic may upload a scanned copy of their handwritten assignments (in PDF format) on University LMS. The size of the file should not exceed 5MB.

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 50

ASSIGNMENT No. 1

(Unit 1–4)

Q.1 After winning clear cut majority in 1971 elections, Awami League had requested to summon the National Assembly session so that it may form government, but Yahya regime postponed the March 25, 1971, session of the National Assembly. Why had Yahya regime become an obstacle in the way of Awami League’s possible government? Explain with facts. (20)

Q.2 How had the nationalization policies of Z. A. Bhutto government made a mess with industrialization and investment in Pakistan? Explain with facts. (20)

Q.3 Discuss Federal and Provinces relations provided for in the constitution of 1973. Do you think the scheme provided represents true federation? (20)

Q.4 Make a critical analysis of elections campaigns of both government and opposition during 1977 elections. (20)

Q.5 Discuss in detail the ways Zia regime dealt with opposition parties. Explain with facts. (20)

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 50

ASSIGNMENT No. 2

(Unit 5–9)

Q.1 Make a critical analysis of the policies of Muhammad Khan Junejo as prime minister of Pakistan. (20)

Q.2 Discuss in detail the General Elections of 1988 and its results. How had its results changed the political spectrum in the country? (20)

Q.3 Critically analyze the performance of Pakistan People’s Party government from 1993 to 1996. (20)

Q.4 What were the causes and impact of judicial crisis of 1997? Explain with facts. (20)

Q.5 Critically analyze the Legal Framework Order 2002 issued by Pervaiz Musharraf. How had that order mutilated the basic structure of the constitution? Elaborate. (20)

1. Introduction to the course

This course intends to discuss and analyse the post-1971 political scenario of Pakistan focusing on socio-political milieu and the process of constitution making in Pakistan. This course has been divided into the following phases:

Phase-I: Civilian Rule and Parliamentary Democracy: (1971-1977)

This phase deals with Z.A. Bhutto’s era. In the aftermath of the dismemberment of Pakistan, Pakistani nation encountered serious problems of national identity and integrity encompassed socio-economic and political challenges. How Bhutto regime met these challenges? Our efforts are focused to find the answer to such questions.

Phase-II: Martial and the Democracy under the Shadow of Martial Law (1977-1988)

This phase begins with the end of Bhutto’s civilian rule and the advent of third Martial Law (1977), imposed by General Ziaul Haq. This period deals with the Zia’s Martial Law and the quasi civilian setup introduced by him.

Phase-III: Efforts to Resurrect Parliamentary Democracy (1988-1996)

This phase deals with the issues and event emerged during the post-1988 political scenario. Eighth amendment, inducted by a dictator, hung over the elected parliament and the governments as a sword of Damocles. During this period we intend to discuss and analyse the causes and effects of the dissolution of four elected governments and their impacts on the process of political and constitutional development in Pakistan.

Phase-IV: Resurrection of Parliamentary Democracy (1997-2002)

In consequence of the dismissal of Benazir government, general elections were held on February 3, 1997. These elections brought Mian Nawaz Sharif to the power with an unprecedented mandate of two-third majority. Immediately after coming to power, he restored parliamentary character of democracy by doing away with the President’s discretional powers of dissolving the assemblies. Unfortunately, that democratic setup could not survive more than two years and in October 1999 General Parvez Musharaf ousted Nawaz Sharif government and seized power through the military coup.

2. Structure of the Course

• This is a Three Credit Hour course containing nine units. First four units (1-4) of this course are devoted to the crucial political and constitutional issues witnessed during the period (1971-1977). In unit one, a great deal has been discussed about the political crisis in East Pakistan and the emergence of Bangladesh. Remaining three units devoted to the study of political and constitutional development during the Bhutto era. Units two and three deal with the issues and events related to the making of the 1973 constitution and socio-political and economic reforms introduced by the Bhutto regime. In Unit four we have discussed the political crises emerged after 1977 election and its aftermath. Units five and six deal with Zia’s policies of Islamization of Pakistani polity–society, state and institutions. Unit seven is devoted to the quasi democratic system introduced by Ziaul Haq in consequence of 1985 non-party based elections. Units eight and nine discuss and analyse the post-Zia political scenario. In these units issues like dismissal of Junejo government, revival of the party based democratic system, emergence and dismissal of the Benazir and Nawaz Sharif governments have thoroughly been discussed.

• This course has been structured to make it as easy as possible for you to do the required work. This is a three Credit Hour course, consisting of nine units. Ideally, one unit is 12-16 hours work for the students. As the length of the units is unequal therefore, you have to calculate how much time you are required to spend on each unit. We expect you to finish the work within the allocated time.

• For this course Fortnightly Tutorials are arranged in the University’s Study Centers. They provide you a facility to meet with your fellow students for mutual help and individual discussion with your Course Guide/Tutor. These Tutorials are not formal lectures given in any formal University, rather these are meant for group and individual discussion with the Course Guide/Tutor to facilitate you to undertake part of your learning together. So before going to attend a Tutorial, prepare yourself to discuss course material with your colleagues and Course Guide/Tutor.

• For this course you have to attempt Two assignments. After completing the study of first 4 units, Assignment No. 1 is due and the second Assignment is due after completing next 5 units.

3. Assessment

For each course the registered student will be assessed as the following:

1. Assignments (continuous assessment):

• Assignment are those written exercises which you are required to complete at your own home or place of work after having studied different parts of the Prescribed Readings given in the Reader. As this is a three Credit Hour course hence, you will receive Two Assignments which, we expect you to complete within the prescribed period. (See Assignment Schedule)

• This is a compulsory coursework and its successful completion will make you eligible to appear in the Final examination at the end of semester.

• To complete your coursework successfully, you are provided with tutorial support, so that you can discuss your academic problems with your course-mates and the Tutor.

• After completing the assignments, you send them to your Tutor, whose name is already notified to you. Your Tutor will return you these assignments after marking and providing you academic guidance and supervision.

To qualify each Assignment, you have to obtain minimum 50% marks.

1. Final Examination (a three hour written examination will take place at the end of the semester).

It is essential for the students to qualify in both components i.e. Assignments and Final Examination with:

1. A minimum of 40% in assignments
2. A minimum of 40% in Final Examination
3. An aggregate of 40% in both components i.e. Assignments and the Final Examination

iv. Without passing Assignments students do not qualify to appear in the Final Examination

c. Workshops

• The workshop of post-graduate courses will be held at the end of each semester at the Regional Campuses.

• It is mandatory to attend the workshop. The student would not declared pass until he/she has attended the workshop satisfactory.

• The duration of workshop for each three Credit Hour course is three days.

4. Course Outlines

Unit one

1. East Pakistan Crisis

1.1 Separation of East Pakistan

• • • 1. 1.2 Causes of the Disenchantment of Bengalis with Pakistan

Unit two

2. Interlude of Civilian Rule

• • • 1. 2.1 Socio-political and economic policies of Bhutto Government

Unit three

3. The Constitutional Problem

• 1. 3.1 Efforts for the consensus Regarding Future Constitution
  2. 3.2 Islamic Provisions of 1973 Constitution

Unit four

4. End of the PPP rule

• 1. 4.1 1977 Elections

Unit five

5. Military Rule 1977-1984

• 1. 5.1 Zia’s Political Strategies
  2. 5.2 Politics of Islamization

Unit six

6. Islamization and Constitutional Proposals of Ziaul Haq

• 1. 6.1 Islamization under Martial Law
  2. 6.2 The Amendments in 1973 Constitution

Unit seven

7. Civilian Rule under the Shadow of Martial Law

• 1. 7.1 Junejo Era

Unit eight & nine

1. Efforts to Resurrect Parliamentary Democracy
   • 1. Dismissal of Junejo Government and 1988 Party-based Elections
     2. Dismissal of two Assemblies
     3. Resurrection of Parliamentary Democracy

5. Prescribed Readings:

4.1 Dr. Amanullah Memon, Reader: Political and Constitutional Development in Pakistan Vol. II, Islamabad: Allama Iqbal Open University.

4.2 K.B. Sayeed, Political System of Pakistan, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.