ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Faculty of Social Sciences

(Department of Pakistan Studies)

Course: Political and Constitutional Development in Pakistan-I (4667/9360)

Level: M Sc/BS Pakistan Studies Semester: Spring, 2025

Please read the following instructions for writing your assignments. (AD, BS, BEd, MA/MSc, MEd) (ODL Mode).

1. All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a question the marks are distributed according to its requirements.

2. Read the question carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the questions.

3. Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide or allied material.

4. Handwritten scanned assignments are not acceptable.

5. Upload your typed (in Word or PDF format) assignments on or before the due date.

6. Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated.

7. Late assignments can’t be uploaded at LMS.

8. The students who attempt their assignments in Urdu/Arabic may upload a scanned copy of handwritten assignments (in PDF format) on University LMS. The size of the file should not exceed 5MB.

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 50

ASSIGNMENT No. 1

(Unit 1–4)

Q.1 Discuss in detail the economic problems faced by Pakistan after its emergence in 1947. (20)

Q.2 Critically analyze ‘Objectives Resolution’ and its benefits for constitution making efforts. (20)

Q.3 Discuss causes of Martial Law of Lahore 1953 and its repercussions for the parliamentary democracy in Pakistan. (20)

Q.4 What type of constitutional and legal crisis was generated by Federal Court after its judgment in Tameez-ud-Din case and how had that crisis been resolved? Explain with facts. (20)

Q.5 Discuss the power distribution arrangement between East and West Pakistan which was incorporated in the constitution of 1956. Why had that arrangement not satisfied the aspirations of the Bengalis? Elaborate. (20)

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 50

ASSIGNMENT No. 2

(Unit 5–9)

Q.1 Discuss power politics tactics used by Iskandar Mirza. How had his manipulations destroyed the political culture of the country? (20)

Q.2 Critically analyze Basic Democracies system introduced by Ayub regime and its impact on grass root level politics. (20)

Q.3 Make a critical analysis of powers of President in the Constitution of 1962. How had the overriding powers of President violated the spirit of democracy? Explain. (20)

Q.4 What was Agartala Conspiracy case? How had that case been used to victimize Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rahman? Elaborate with facts. (20)

Q.5 Discuss the policies of Martial Law regime of Yahya khan. How had those policies alienated already disgruntled politicians? (20)

1. Introduction to the Course

This course intends to discuss and analyse the relationship between the socio-political milieu and the process of constitution making in Pakistan. This course has been divided into two phases:

Phase-I: Constitutional Stalemate & Political Crisis: (1947-1958)

This phase deals with the crucial issues related to the constitution making as well as political crisis faced by the nation during the first decade of independence.

Phase-II: From Martial Law to Martial Law: (1958-1971)

This phase begins with Ayub Khan’s Martial Law (1958) and concludes with the end of Yahya Khan’s Martial Law rule (1971). Under the first Martial Law, the 1956 Constitution was abrogated while the second Martial Law did away with the 1962 constitution.

The first Constituent Assembly failed to achieve its primary role of constitution making. What were the causes of that failure? In this course the learners will find the answers of such questions. The second constituent assembly came into being on May 28, implemented on March 23, 1956. Unfortunately, the first constitution of the country could not last for more than two years and seven months. In October 1958, 1955. This Constituent Assembly framed the first constitution of Pakistan, which was implemented on March 23, 1956. Unfortunately, the first constitution of the country could not last for more than two years and seven months. In October 1958, first Martial Law was imposed on the country and the 1956 constitution was abrogated. Consequently first phase–Constitutional Stalemate and Political Crisis (1947-1958) concluded while, the second phase–From Martial Law to Martial Law (1958-1971) began. During this period General Yahya abrogated the 1962 connotation and imposed the second martial law on the country.

2. Structure of the Course

• This is a Three Credit Hour course containing nine units. First four units (1-4) of this course are devoted to the crucial political and constitutional issues witnessed during the period (1947-1958). In these units, a great deal has been discussed about the significant issues like: the language problem, the regional tension, the Ahmadis issue and the one unit scheme. Further these units shed light on the salient feature of 1956 constitution. Unit 5-8 deal with issues like: the first Martial law (1958), the 1962 Constitution, the Basic Democracies System (B.D. System), the political crisis of post 1965 period, and the fall of Ayub Khan.

Ayub Khan ruled the country first as a dictator and later he introduced a system of ‘guided democracy’. Ayub Khan quit the power in the aftermath of the countrywide mass movement directed against him. Hence, he decided to hand over the power to Commander-n-Chief General Yahya Khan instead of to the Speaker of National Assembly which was prerequisite of 1962 Constitution. At this juncture, the second phase of Pakistan’s history that began with Ayub Khan’s Martial Law (1958), ended on another Martial Law imposed by Yahya Khan’s (1969).

Unit 9 deals with the chaotic period of Pakistan’s political history (1969-171). During this period, Pakistani nation experienced the tragic incident of the dismemberment of Pakistan. Subsequently, in 1971, Yahya Khan transferred power to Z.A. Bhutto and the latter took over as the first civilian martial law administrator and the President of Pakistan on December 20, 1971.

• The course has been structured to make it as easy as possible for you to do the required work. This is a three Credit Hour course, consisting of nine units. Ideally, one unit is 12-16 hours work for the students. As the length of the units is unequal therefore, you have to calculate how much time you are required to spend on each unit. We expect you to finish the work within the allocated time.

• For this course Fortnightly Tutorials are arranged in the University’s Study Centers. They provide you a facility to meet with your fellow students for mutual help and individual discussion with your Course Guide/Tutor. These Tutorials are not formal lectures given in any formal University, rather these are meant for group and individual discussion with the Course Guide/Tutor to facilitate you to undertake part of your learning together. So before going to attend a Tutorial, prepare yourself to discuss course material with your colleagues and Course Guide/Tutor.

• For this course you have to attempt Two assignments. After completing the study of first 4 units, Assignment No. 1 is due and the second Assignment is due after completing next 5 units.

3. Assessment

For each course the registered student will be assessed as the following:

1. Assignments (continuous assessment):

• Assignment are those written exercises which you are required to complete at your own home or place of work after having studied different parts of the Prescribed Readings given in the Reader. As this is a three Credit Hour course hence, you will receive Two Assignments which, we expect you to complete within the prescribed period. (See Assignment Schedule)

• This is a compulsory coursework and its successful completion will make you eligible to appear in the Final examination at the end of semester.

• To complete your coursework successfully, you are provided with tutorial support, so that you can discuss your academic problems with your course-mates and the Tutor.

• After completing the assignments, you send them to your Tutor, whose name is already notified to you. Your Tutor will return you these assignments after marking and providing you academic guidance and supervision.

To qualify each Assignment, you have to obtain minimum 50% marks.

1. Final Examination (a three hour written examination will take place at the end of the semester).

It is essential for the students to qualify in both components i.e. Assignments and Final Examination with:

1. A minimum of 40% in assignments
2. A minimum of 40% in Final Examination
3. An aggregate of 40% in both components i.e. Assignments and the Final Examination

c. Workshops

• The workshop of post-graduate courses will be held at the end of each semester at the Regional Campuses.

• It is mandatory to attend the workshop. The student would not declared pass until he/she has attended the workshop satisfactory.

• The duration of workshop for each three Credit Hour course is three days.

4. Course Outlines

Unit one

1. Problem of State Building
   1. 1.1 Administrative and Political Problems
   2. 1.2 Language Problem

Unit two

1. The Constitutional Problems
   • • 1. 2.1 The fist Constituent Assembly
   1. 2.2 Constitution Making Dilemma

Unit three

1. Political and Constitutional Crisis
   1. 3.1 Second Constituent Assembly
   2. 3.2 Ahmadis Issue

Unit four

1. First Constitution of Pakistan
   1. 4.1 1956 Constitution
   2. 4.2 Failure of the Civilian Rule

Unit five

1. Martial Law Rule (1958-1962)
   1. 5.1 Martial Law Rule

Unit six

1. The Second Constitution of Pakistan
   1. 6.1 Constitutional Commission
   2. 6.2 1962 Constitution: The Presidential form of Government

Unit seven

1. Emergence of New Socio-Political and Economic Forces
   1. 7.1 Socio-Political and Economic Policies of Ayub Khan
   2. 7.2 Amendments in 1962 Constitution

Unit eight

1. The Fall of Ayub Khan
   1. 8.1 The Fall of Ayub Khan

Unit nine

1. Interregnum
   1. 9.1 Interregnum

5. Prescribed Readings:

5.1 Dr. Amanullah Memon, Reader: Political and Constitutional Development in Pakistan Vol. I, Islamabad: Allama Iqbal Open University.

5.2 Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan in Twentieth Century: A Political History, Karachi: Oxford University Press.