- 1 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
- 2 Overview …………………………………………………………………………………………. 34
- 3 Concept of Social Development…………………………………………………………… 34
4.3.1 Social Development; Why is it Important? ……………………………………………. 35
- 4 Theories Related to Social Development ………………………………………………. 36
- 5 Main Points ………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
- 6 Characteristics of Learners and Classroom Activities to Promote Social Skill 39
4.6.1 What are Social Skills …………………………………………………………….. 39
- Social Characteristics of Children at Various Stages of Development 41
- Social Characteristics of Preschool Children ……………………………… 42
- Social Characteristics of Learners at Kindergarten/Early Primary
(Five and Six Year olds…………………………………………………………… 46
- Social characteristics of Learners at Late Kindergarten/Primary
Level (Seven and Eight Year olds…………………………………………….. 47
- 7 Social Characteristics of Learners at Elementary Level ………………………….. 48
- 8 Exercise……………………………………………………………………………………………. 50
- 9 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………… 51
Unit-5: Emotional Development (Dr. Shaista Khan) ……………………………………. 52
5.1 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………. 52
5.2 Overview …………………………………………………………………………………………. 52
5.3 What is Emotional Development …………………………………………………………. 52
5.4 Why Emotional Development is Important?………………………………………….. 53
5.5 Aspects of Social Emotional Development……………………………………………. 54
5.6 Factors Affecting Emotional Development……………………………………………. 55
- Erik Erikson’s Theory of Socio-Emotional Development ……………………….. 56
- Emotional Characteristics of Learners at Preschool Level ………………………. 58
- Emotional Characteristics of Learners at Kindergarten Level ………………….. 58
5.10 Characteristics of Learners at Elementary Level ……………………………………. 60
5.11 Exercise……………………………………………………………………………………………. 63
5.12 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………… 63
Unit-6: Moral Development (Dr. Shaista Khan) ………………………………………….. 64
6.1 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………. 64
6.2 Overview …………………………………………………………………………………………. 64
6.3 Moral Development …………………………………………………………………………… 64
6.4 Moral Components…………………………………………………………………………….. 65
6.4.1 Factors Affecting Moral Development ……………………………………… 65
6.4.2 What is the Importance of Moral Development? ……………………….. 66
6.5 Theories Related to Moral Development ………………………………………………. 67
6.5.1 Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory (1927-1987) ……………………………….. 68
6.5.2 Criticism on Kohlberg’s Theory: Gilligan’s Theory……………………. 70
6.6 Moral Characteristics of Learners ………………………………………………………… 72
6.6.1 Characteristics of Learners at Kindergarten……………………………….. 72
6.6.2 Classroom Activities to develop Morality …………………………………. 72
6.6.3 Characteristics of Elementary Learners …………………………………….. 73
6.6.4 Classroom Activities for Elementary Level ……………………………….. 74
6.7 Exercise……………………………………………………………………………………………. 75
6.8 References………………………………………………………………………………………… 75
Unit-7: Language Development (Dr. Shamaila Shahzad & Muhammad Rizwan) 76
7.1 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………. 76
7.2 Overview …………………………………………………………………………………………. 76
7.3 What is Language?…………………………………………………………………………….. 76
7.4 What is Language Development? ………………………………………………………… 77
7.4.1 Referential Language Development………………………………………….. 78
7.4.2 Expressive Language Development ………………………………………….. 78
7.4.3 Transition in Language Development ……………………………………….. 78
7.4.4 Key Signs of Language Development……………………………………….. 79
7.5 Theories of Language Development …………………………………………………….. 80
7.5.1 The Learning Perspective………………………………………………………… 80
7.5.2 The Nativist Perspective …………………………………………………………. 81
7.5.3 Inter-Actionist Perspective………………………………………………………. 81
7.6 Components of Language …………………………………………………………………… 82
7.6.1 Phoneme……………………………………………………………………………….. 82
7.6.2 Phonology …………………………………………………………………………….. 82
7.6.3 Morphology…………………………………………………………………………… 83
7.6.4 Syntax ………………………………………………………………………………….. 84
7.6.5 Semantics ……………………………………………………………………………… 84
7.6.6 Pragmatics…………………………………………………………………………….. 84
7.7 Environmental Influences on Language………………………………………………… 86
- Information Processing Perspective of Language Development …… 86
- Social interaction Perspective of Language Development……………. 86
7.8 Language Development at Preschool and Kindergarten Level …………………. 87
7.9 Language Development at Elementary Level ………………………………………… 90
7.9.1 Vocabulary and Grammar ……………………………………………………….. 90
7.9.2 Meta-Linguistic Awareness …………………………………………………….. 90
7.10 Exercise …………………………………………………………………………………………. 92
7.11 References………………………………………………………………………………………… 93
Unit-8: Human Learning & Classroom Teaching ……………………………………… 94
(Dr. Fazal ur Rahman & Dr. Mehar Bano)
| 8.1 | Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………………. | 94 |
| 8.2 | Overview …………………………………………………………………………………………. | 94 |
| 8.3 | Meaning and Nature of Learning …………………………………………………………. | 94 |
| 8.3.1 Learning Defined …………………………………………………………………… | 96 | |
| 8.3.2 General Characteristics of Learning………………………………………….. | 98 | |
| 8.3.3 Laws of Learning …………………………………………………………………… | 99 | |
| 8.3.4 Learning as Modification of Behaviour …………………………………….. | 101 | |
| 8.3.5 Conditions of Learning …………………………………………………………… | 103 | |
| 8.3.6 Imitation in Learning ……………………………………………………………… | 105 | |
| 8.3.7 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………. | 106 | |
| 8.4 | Associative Theories of Learning ………………………………………………………… | 107 |
| 8.4.1 Associationism ………………………………………………………………………. | 107 | |
| 8.4.2 Conditioning………………………………………………………………………….. | 108 | |
| 8.4.3 Classical Conditioning ……………………………………………………………. | 108 | |
| 8.4.4 Extinction and Recovery …………………………………………………………. | 109 | |
| 8.4.5 Conditioning Paradigms………………………………………………………….. | 109 |
